فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 114، پاییز 1393)

In this research، the daily precipitation data of 1437 synoptic، climatic and rain gauging stations of Iran in the time interval 1961- 2004 (equal to 15705 days) was utilized. Using Kriging Geostatistics method، the data were interpolated on the pixels of 15 *15km2، so as an array to the dimension of 15705 * 7187 was formed. To identify the fittest distribution of the days with over 5. 0mm precipitation، in each pixel Kolmogorov-Smirnov Fitness Test was performed. From among 7187 pixels with a surface area of 15 * 15km which covers the entire surface area of Iran، the precipitation empirical function of rainy days in 6861 pixels equivalent to 5. 95% of the country''s surface area follows the theoretical two-parameter gamma distribution، and the empirical function of 326 pixels equivalent to 5. 4% of the country''s surface area which is concentrated on south-east and Zagros heights follows the exponential function. Parametric mapping of mean، standard deviation، skewness and kurtosis of the fittest distribution (probability model) indicates that mean long-term daily rainfall below 10 mm is a confirmation to dry climate of 95% of the country''s surface area. Fluctuation and amount of mean precipitation، and its standard deviation، skewness and kurtosis in central and eastern Iran is minimum relative to other regions of the country، whereas in other regions of Iran such uniformity is not observed in the parameters. In major part of Zagros and southern coast of Iran the expected precipitation is 5 to 10 mm، but mean standard deviation of precipitation in southern coasts has increased so as the rain has become less reliable. At the eastern feet of Zagros and from beginning of Zagros heights towards inner part of Iran، the expected precipitation quantity is greater than that over large part of Zagros. However، the precipitations in these regions with many slight precipitations are trusted the least.

Following rapid and explosive population growth in urban settlements that was result of immigration، urban servicing as an important issue in urban planning has been studied equality in services distribution in urban areas causes equality and social justice. This paper investigates urban services distribution pattern (educational، health، cultural، religious and sport) in 5th region of Tehran city and it is main purpose is spatial justice measurement in sub regions of this area. Methodology of this research is descriptive analytical and method of data collection is documental and field method. The results show According to Williamson model and the Entrojpy model for the distribution utilities in sub regions of 5th region of Tehran is unbalanced. inadequate urban services in some sub regions of 5th region. Appropriate site selection for urban services in this region is one of the most important.

After the end of the Cold War، were came up different views about nature and how to continue rival in international relations. Some scholars of these fields were believe that with the end of ideological competition in the macro level in the world and with any rival hegemonic there is not any basis for more competition between countries and power blocks in the world. so it consider that from this time، human being will experience liberal peace in macro level. In contrast to some other scholars believe that inherent nature of space and geography، as a place where human life، is fundamental for reproducing and processing historical structures for competition between states and power blocks and in different times only may changes the subject of competition. Therefore in this paper with descriptive and analytical approach we have attempted، philosophy of geographic continuity competition has been described in international relations and has been explaining the new shape of competition. Research findings indicate that in general the political geography of the world body has conditions that will reproduce the competition between countries and power blocks as a infrastructure factor in international relations at different times.

Rural Tourism is one of the factures of industrial Tourism that due to existing natural and culture of the zone villages it can have an important role on the reviving of the villages and by creating now occupations for the villages and by protecting natural، cultural and historical heritage of the zone and finally providing these village with a constant development، they can a better income too. Rapid changes in the rural areas on the one hand and paging attention to Tourism، as a key element in developing and reviving the rural areas on the other، has helped to understand the need to promote Tourism. So، in this article، by using SWOT model، have surveyed the week and strong points of rural Tourism opportunities and threats in Khoor va Biabanaka area. This paper also used the TCI model to determine the suitable season to travel to these areas. Consequences go the distinguished that the existence of natural and cultural attractions، the situation of villages near by the desert، and a full traffic road to Mashhad has a scale rate of 32%-28% and 18% are considered as strong points، defect of facilities and commodities، destruction of historical monuments and natural sites of the zone and migration from here have a scale of 28%،24% and 20% that are the week points. Esfahan Tourism dwelling center with a scale of 40 %، khoor va biabanaka being situated on the crowed road of Esfahan –Yazd-Mashhad with a scale pre village 24% and geographical situation of khoor va biabanaka with a scale 20% are of the most important opportunities، long economical distance between Esfahan and other county cities with a scale of 20% migration from khoor va biabanaka village to Esfahan with a scale of 18%، defect of credits to promote Tourism in this zone with a scale of 16% are consider the most important threats. It is also to be noted that the spring and autumn season are the best ones to go on Tourism to these areas.

Because of the increasing importance of supplying water for the country، water resource management is of paramount importance. Predicting precipitation، as one of the most important climatic parameters، is especially important in using water supplies. Time series can be used to predict precipitation. Time series analysis seems to be a suitable tool for such forecasting. The present work studies the comparison of the rainfall forecast precision by Box-Jenkins Time Series at three stations in Khuzestan province. The monthly rainfall data of three Meteorological stations in province for 48 years، i. e. (1961-2008) were used. The accuracy and precision of models are evaluated based on AIC statistics and the analysis of the graphs of Autocorrelation Function and Partial Autocorrelation Function. The obtained suitable seasonal rainfall model was (0،1،2) * (2،1،0) 12 for Ahwaz، (0،1،2) * (0،1،1) 12 for Abadan and (1،1،2) * (0،1،1) 12 for Dezful. The results of this study show that these models accurately predict seasonal rainfall almost well.

This study is a descriptive - survey and objective evaluation analysis of creation causes on informal settlement Shadgholi-Khan town of Qom city. answer Questionnaire by 200 protector of household in Shadgholi-Khan Tow، economic، social and Physical variables affective creation of informal settlements in the Shadgholi-Khan its spatial and local effects are investigated. Research findings show that ten factors influence as important factors creation of Shadgholi-Khan، and using regression techniques factor affecting each of these factors and identified using Path Analysis model of how these factors influence has been analyzed. According results of Path Analysis model، it became clear that in creation of Shadgholi-Khan two factors were before the migration، including; initial ownership، migration reasons، immigration or not immigration and before job and after factors of migration included; current job، document ownership، residence reasons، creation license house، income and years of migration is the highest influence. All coefficients of elements and the effects of various independent variables affect each other and separating them، it was shown that the rate of immigration before 56. 6 percent and the rate of immigration after 43. 4 percent were effective in creation of Shadgholi-Khan. Now if planners and policy makers seek to solve problems arising from informal settlements in cities، should its roots search in the factors influencing before migration and villages، and after solve current root، do solve problems of informal settlement.

The request for natural gas attention to its adaption with environment and less pollution than the other fossil fuels has the highest growth in last decades. In result this energy has high geopolitical importance. Iran with has about 2. 18 percent of total world reserves، the largest in the world. But couldn''t played important role in the natural gas geopolitics and even it hasn''t in between 10 exporter countries of natural gas، because gas consumption in Iran as much as is irregular that increase of natural gas production measure. Iran with 2. 162 billion cubic of natural gas consumption is third-largest the gas consumer in the world. Thus need of reforming the consumption pattern is obligatory. Major question of this article is: can reforming of the consumption pattern، enhance the rank of Iran in natural gas geopolitics? The result of research indicate that the reforming of consumption pattern of the natural gas besides prevent of gas irregular consumption also economic development، state security and power increase، prevent of gas import، gain of global gas markets and more important of the whole enhance the rank of Iran in natural gas geopolitics.

One of the most important factors in development of rural is sustainable housing and in this regard identifying of features and analysis of dimensions and different components of sustainable rural housing have special importance. The aim of this study is analysis and assessment of the indicators and dimensions of sustainable rural housing that the case study has been in Malavi rural district of Poldokhtar Township. The method of the research is descriptive –analytical and the approach is integrated. The statistical population of the research is the households of the Malavi rural area. The sample size for the designed questionnaire is determined 175 residents using Cochran''s formula and the method of sampling is occasional. In order to estimate the reliability of the research، Cronbachs'' alpha coefficient was used and indicated the coefficient of 77. 0، 84. 0، 71. 0 percent for three parts of the questionnaire، representing the appropriateness of the instruments used. The obtained results from analyzes of the SPSS software show that About 84 percent of the indicators have been in unstable and somewhat stable conditions. Also the findings show that there are different between types of rural in indicators and dimensions of housing sustainability.

Zayanderoud Basin is one of the important agricultural areas in country level because of climatic variety and resuscitative water of Zayanderoud River. Since frost phenomenon especially late spring frost incurs great damages on fruit trees and agricultural products of this region، it is necfessary to study frost in this basin. In this research، the intensity of frost during cold period and spring season in Zayanderoud Basin in five thresholds: mild (0 to -5 0C)، moderate (-1. 5 to -10 0C)، strong (-1. 10 to -150C)، very strong (-1. 15 to -20 0C) and extraordinarily strong (lower than -200C) was studied using daily minimum temperature statistics of 13 meteorological stations during 16-years statistical period (1992-1993 to 2007-2008). Frequency zoning map of different frost intensities was also drawn in ARC MAP environment. The results of research show that all studied stations of Zayanderoud Basin experience mild to very strong frost during cold period، but the extraordinarily strong frost only is occurred within elevated regions (above 2000 m). In spring season، mild frost is occurred in until late Farvardin month and within elevated stations until third decade of Ordibehesht and moderate frost is only occurred within 2000 m stations and above in Farvardin month. Strong frost is only occurred in the studied north-western region. According to zoning maps، north-western Zayanderoud Basin is hazardous in terms of the frequency of occurrence of different frost intensities.

Urban effete textures are multiple problems at conspectus skeletal، environmental، social and economic that encounter life of inhabitants with problem in this texture. According to the research، almost 90% of population in country exposed hazard of occurrence earthquake. In this face، by reason of problems، effete textures are over damage if the earthquake happened. Nonetheless، to make provision urban effete textures plans and others of urban plan، non use in theories of earthquake disaster management related with urban vulnerability decrease strategy versus. The policy that offer earthquake crisis management for urban texture vulnerability decrease، related with conspectus that survey in urban planning specially improvement planning. Conspectus that are joint among improvement planning and earthquake crisis management are land use، network، density and campus. Purpose this research is urban effete textures improvement with survey joint policy between improvement planning and earthquake crisis management. Until can with incorporation this methods increase of life quality in effete textures likewise decrease their vulnerability inverse earthquake crisis. To sake Soufian neighborhood that is effete textures Borujerd city choice for case study. Type of research is descriptive، analytical and survey، that in information analysis use by AHP and SWOT methods. Results again this research indicate that Soufian neighborhood is high vulnerable for earthquake occurrence in variant context. Use in dominant strategies that can supply habitant welfare in normal terms and notice to critical too، sound is logical.

Aeolian landforms are very sensitive to wind erosion. Afforestation of degraded sandy land soils is regarded the most effective strategy against wind erosion. The aim of this study is to estimate decreasing in wind erosion rate by afforestation of these landforms. In this research، geomorphological areas have been used as homogeneous units. Research data are including scores of Petrology، terrain shape and roughness، wind velocity and conditions، soil and its non-life coverage factors، vegetation density and type، wind erosion forms، soil moisture، type and distribution of wind deposits and land use management in each of homogeneous units. Maps of geology، topography، satellite images and IRIFR1. EA model also was used as a tool. By using of IRIFR1. EA model، in the period March 1380 (before afforestation) and March 1390 (6 to 9 years after afforestation and the establishment of plantations)، windy special deposits were estimated. The results indicate that afforestation reduced 27% in special deposits of region from 122 ton /ha/year/ to 89 ton/ ha/year/. Although this total loss can''t be attributed to the effects of afforestation، sharp reduction in special deposits of afforestation areas، from 129 ton/ha/year/ to 3-4 ton/ha/year/ (between 97 to 5. 97 percentage)، indicating a positive action of afforestation in controlling wind erosion process in the region.

Daily precipitation data from Aphrodite''s resources with a spatial resolution of 0. 25*0. 25 degree for 57 years have been used to detect the trend of precipitation in Afghanistan. First of all، monthly، seasonally، and yearly maps and regional mean time series calculated. According to the annual map، mean annual precipitation of the country is about 256 mm. There are two precipitation maxima in Afghanistan، one in eastern part and the other one is north- eastern of the country. Throughout the country precipitation maxima occurs in winter. The trend of time series with validity levels of %95 and %99 were examined by the use of Mann Kendall nonparametric. Trend analysis of annual time series shows no trend.

Isfahan Province is located in central of Iran. It has different climate conditions including arid in the East، central and North of the province، Mediterranean Climate to humid in the West and southern part. Generally، this province has a hot and dry climate in summer and cold in winter. This province has natural and cultural attractions، it has a high potential in attracting visitors. But this potential has not been well exploited. To promote tourism in this area، we need to specify proper times and places for visitors. Among the visitors’ basic needs knows about the climate and proper times for traveling. In this study، proper times and places for visitors have been specified through using Tourism Climate Index TCI and GIS potential in interpolation، generalizing point data to scatter data and combining maps. The findings of this study indicate that the best time of year to attract visitors to this province is October، followed by May and April. January، February، March، July، August and December are the worst months. Also، the central part of the province has better conditions to attract visitors than the other part as far.

The rapid growth of urbanization in the world has led to centralization، intensity and speed of urban life; in addition، the lack of efficient public transport system that is responsive to the needs of citizens has led to an increase in the use of private vehicles and consequently has increased the demand for parking in cities and has caused heavy and severe traffic in cities. Furthermore، the use of traditional designs in the construction of parking and illogical distribution of parking spaces in cities and inappropriate parking locating has increased such problems. The main reason for the irregularities in current state of parking lots in Isfahan Metropolis returns to inappropriate locating، unfair distribution and the imbalance between population and land area (per capita) for parking. This issue has slowed down transportation in the city due to marginal parking along the street، double parking and vehicles wandering around to find a parking lot. The purpose of this research is to find the optimal spaces for public parking in district 6 of Isfahan with Geography information system (GIS) and Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model; in addition، it aims to introduce new designing technologies، build such parking and manage parking spaces. Thus، statistical data related to those organizations as well as documentary and field studies have been used in order to achieve this aim. This research is applied and the methodology of research is analytical، documentary and survey. Data in this study are collected through statistical resources، library، Internet، maps and detailed maps of Isfahan and data obtained from the questionnaires in a combined approach. GIS analysis shows that from 10 public parking in district 6، 5 public parking have been in inappropriate area، 4 public parking in appropriate area and 1 public parking in medium area. Ultimately، we should regard the parking in the region as poorly distributed.

One of the new areas in the field of studying the country''s development planning is border regions. Although from past to present different aspects of the problems related to these regions have been studied، but spatial planning of border regions not only its position has not been clarified in the planning system of the country''s development but also its dimensions and characteristics have received little attention. Border areas are facing many problems such as: migration of residents to large cities because of lack of economic incentives and insecurity along the border region etc…، these problems specifies the need to scientific studies and efficient development plans. The present study using a descriptive - analytical and empirical method to provide strategic planning strategies for the spatial planning in East borders of Iran. For this purpose، the analytical model (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) is used for prioritizing the strategies. The results show that given the current situation، appropriate strategies for spatial planning in Eastern border areas of Iran is defensive type (WT) and currently، based on prioritization is done، the two below strategies: “Preparation of comprehensive development plan for the eastern provinces (especially in border areas)”، “Development of physical infrastructure and the necessary actions to reduce the performance gap between marginal and central areas” have higher priority.